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| Tourism,
as other sectors too, contributes to global emissions. While the Intergovernmental
Panel on Climate Change (link), as well as the International Civil Aviation
Organization (link) have published data on emission from passenger transport,
for the first time a comprehensive assessment of the entire tourism sector
has been developed in the framework of a new study commissioned by the World
Tourism Organization (link) in cooperation with UNEP (link) and WMO (link)
in the year 2007 and published in 2008.
This study takes into account CO2 emissions from transport, accommodation and other tourism activities for (of) the year 2005, based on wide range of assumptions and facts of emission factors (see box below).
According to the UNWTO-UNEP study (2008) tourism contributes around 5% to global CO2 emissions - without radiative forcing. Considering that tourism (including gastronomy) accounts for about 10% of the global gross domestic product (WTTC), tourism may not be blamed to be a "dirty" sector. However, long-haul tourism, although only a rather small share of the sector, contributes significantly to tourism's emissions, but rather between Europe and Northern America than between high-income countries and Africa. 75% of the sector's emissions are generated by transportation, of which air transport accounts for 50%; i.e. air transport causes 40% of all tourism emissions or around 2% of global emissions. Accommodation (21%) and other tourism activities (4%) generate a much smaller share, but their emissions are not negligible (see table below).
According to the same study and based on the IPCC 4th Assessment Report, the contribution of tourism in form of radiative forcing to global warming is estimated to be between 3.4 and 9.0 %, including also cirrus-effects. Considering an average 4% growth of international tourism arrivals and significant growth of domestic tourism (UNWTO) in the years ahead, coupled with increasing number of flights (ICAO), emissions from tourism are expected to grow by 150% until 2035 over the base year 2005 (UNWTO-UNEP 2008) (see figure below).
The growth of 150% is based on the assumption of a 'business-as-usual' scenario, excluding strong efforts to reduce emissions from tourism. For more information on the reduction of emissions, please visit our section on mitigation.
Further Information The UNWTO-UNEP report 2008 on Climate Change and Tourism: Responding to Global Challenges provides chapter on emission calculation – further explanations in the annex. The IPCC Working Group III on Mitigation presents in the chapter on Transport and its Infrastructure of the Fourth Assessment Report on Climate Change 2007 emissions of the transport sector, including projections. The IPCC (1999) Special Report on Aviation and the Global Atmosphere was the first comprehensive emission assessment of the aviation sector and provides a solid basis for mitigation of aviation emissions. Sausen, R. et al. (2005) delivers an update of the IPCC Special Report on Aviation. The Centre for Sustainble Tourism and Transport at the Breda University published different papers on the calculation of tourism emissions. Becken, S. (2002) conducted a study on Energy Use New Zealand in Tourism Sector. IMO is currently revising its study on Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Ships.
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